You win 4 times in a row (consistent reinforcement). On the 5 th, 6 th, 7 th try, nothing happens. You start to realize that the machine is no longer lucky (stopped paying out), so you go to a new machine. Now think of the slot machine on what’s called a partial-reinforcement schedule. Your 1 st try, you get nothing. Your 2 nd try, you win 2. Schedule of reinforcement. Learning step b step; strengthen behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of behavior until the entire correct routine is diisplayed. Casino slot machine. Fixed interval schedules. Reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed.

Schedules of reinforcement can affect the results of operant conditioning, which is frequently used in everyday life such as in the classroom and in parenting. Let’s examine the common types of schedule and their applications.

Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement provide reinforcement after an average number of responses. This schedule is the reinforcement schedule delivered by a slot machine. Consider how persistent responding can become under those conditions. Advantages of VR Schedules. The reinforcement schedule will average out to be rewarded for every five response, but the actual delivery schedule will remain completely unpredictable. In a fixed-ratio schedule, on the other hand, the reinforcement schedule might be set at a FR 5. This would mean that for every five responses, a reward is presented. On North Same and Australian slot machines, the number of lines played is determined by the player with each line being purchased, and this has the tradeoff of increasing the frequency of reinforcement. Figures 3 and 4 show the distribution of reinforcers when playing 10 lines and when playing 20 lines on the same slot machine.

Schedules Of Reinforcement

Operant conditioning is the procedure of learning through association to increase or decrease voluntary behavior using reinforcement or punishment.

Schedules of reinforcement are the rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcer delivery to increase the likelihood a target behavior will happen again, strengthen or continue.

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A schedule of reinforcement is a contingency schedule. The reinforcers are only applied when the target behavior has occurred, and therefore, the reinforcement is contingent on the desired behavior¹.

There are two main categories of schedules: intermittent and non-intermittent.

Non-intermittent schedules apply reinforcement, or no reinforcement at all, after each correct response while intermittent schedules apply reinforcers after some, but not all, correct responses.

Non-intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement

Two types of non-intermittent schedules are Continuous Reinforcement Schedule and Extinction.

Continuous Reinforcement

A continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF) presents the reinforcer after every performance of the desired behavior. This schedule reinforces target behavior every single time it occurs, and is the quickest in teaching a new behavior.

Continuous Reinforcement Examples

e.g. Continuous schedules of reinforcement are often used in animal training. The trainer rewards the dog to teach it new tricks. When the dog does a new trick correctly, its behavior is reinforced every time by a treat (positive reinforcement).

e.g. A continuous schedule also works well with very young children teaching them simple behaviors such as potty training. Toddlers are given candies whenever they use the potty. Their behavior is reinforced every time they succeed and receive rewards.

Partial Schedules of Reinforcement (Intermittent)

Once a new behavior is learned, trainers often turn to another type of schedule – partial or intermittent reinforcement schedule – to strengthen the new behavior.

A partial or intermittent reinforcement schedule rewards desired behaviors occasionally, but not every single time.

Behavior intermittently reinforced by a partial schedule is usually stronger. It is more resistant to extinction (more on this later). Therefore, after a new behavior is learned using a continuous schedule, an intermittent schedule is often applied to maintain or strengthen it.

Many different types of intermittent schedules are possible. The four major types of intermittent schedules commonly used are based on two different dimensions – time elapsed (interval) or the number of responses made (ratio). Each dimension can be categorized into either fixed or variable.

The four resulting intermittent reinforcement schedules are:

Fixed interval schedule (FI)
Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
Variable interval schedule (VI)
Variable ratio schedule (VR)

Fixed Interval Schedule

Interval schedules reinforce targeted behavior after a certain amount of time has passed since the previous reinforcement.

A fixed interval schedule delivers a reward when a set amount of time has elapsed. This schedule usually trains subjects, person, animal or organism, to time the interval, slow down the response rate right after a reinforcement and then quickly increase towards the end of the interval.

A “scalloping” pattern of break-run behavior is the characteristic of this type of reinforcement schedule. The subject pauses every time after the reinforcement is delivered and then behavior occurs at a faster rate as the next reinforcement approaches².

Fixed Interval Example

College students studying for final exams is an example of the Fixed Interval schedule.

Most universities schedule fixed interval in between final exams.

Many students whose grades depend entirely on the exam performance don’t study much at the beginning of the semester, but they cram when it’s almost exam time.

Here, studying is the targeted behavior and the exam result is the reinforcement given after the final exam at the end of the semester.

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Because an exam only occurs at fixed intervals, usually at the end of a semester, many students do not pay attention to studying during the semester until the exam time comes.

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Variable Interval Schedule (VI)

A variable interval schedule delivers the reinforcer after a variable amount of time interval has passed since the previous reinforcement.

This schedule usually generates a steady rate of performance due to the uncertainty about the time of the next reward and is thought to be habit-forming³.

Variable Interval Example

Students whose grades depe

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